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Religion in the United Kingdom and in the countries that preceded it has been dominated, for over 1,400 years, by various forms of Christianity. Whilst a majority of citizens identify as Christians, when asked "Are you religious?" in the National Census 2011; 29 per cent responded Yes vs 65 per cent No, 6 per cent did not know. Trends are showing that fewer individuals are viewing religion positively, with 79 per cent of people agreeing that religion is a cause of much misery and conflict in the world today. Regular church attendance has steadily decreased since the middle of the twentieth century, with more individuals rejecting religion, though immigration has dampened the trend, and increased adherence to other religions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】website=http://www.theguardian.com/ )〕 Religious affiliations of United Kingdom citizens are recorded by regular surveys, the four major ones being the UK Census, the Labour Force Survey, the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey. According to the 2011 UK census, Christianity is the major religion, followed by Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents. This, and the relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious affiliations, has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a multi-faith, secularised, or post-Christian society. The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent countries from 1707, and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK-wide organisational structures. While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom, others may have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain. Similarly, due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921, most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all-Ireland basis. ==History== Pre-Roman forms of religion in Britain included various forms of ancestor worship and paganism.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC - Religions - Paganism: Britain's spiritual history )〕 Little is known about the details of such religions (see British paganism). Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1,400 years. It was introduced by the Romans to what is now England, Wales, and Southern Scotland. The doctrine of Pelagianism, declared heretical in the Council of Carthage of 418, originated with a British-born ascetic, Pelagius. The Anglo-Saxon invasions briefly re-introduced paganism in the 5th and 6th centuries; Christianity was again brought to Great Britain by Roman Catholic and Irish-Scottish missionaries in the course of the 7th century (see Anglo-Saxon Christianity).〔Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). (''A Dictionary of British History'' ). Oxford University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-19-955037-9.〕 Insular Christianity as it stood between the 6th and 8th centuries retained some idiosyncrasies in terms of liturgy and calendar, but it had been nominally united with Roman Christianity since at least the Synod of Whitby of 664. Still in the Anglo-Saxon period, the archbishops of Canterbury established a tradition of receiving their pallium from Rome to symbolize the authority of the Pope. Roman Catholicism remained the dominant form of Western Christianity, including in Britain, throughout the Middle Ages, but the (Anglican) Church of England became the independent established church in England and Wales from 1534 as a result of the English Reformation.〔(The History of the Church of England ). The Church of England. Retrieved 23 November 2008.〕 It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor. In Scotland, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, established in a separate Scottish Reformation in the sixteenth century, is recognised as the national church. It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession. The adherence to Roman Catholicism continued at various levels in different parts of Britain, especially among recusants and in the north of England,〔John Jolliffe, ed., English Catholic Heroes, London: Gracewing Publishing, 2008 ISBN 0-85244-604-7〕 but most strongly in Ireland. This would expand in Great Britain, partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century,〔G. Parsons, ''Religion in Victorian Britain: Traditions'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), ISBN 0-7190-2511-7, p. 156.〕 the Catholic emancipation and the Restoration of the English hierarchy. Particularly from the mid-seventeenth century, forms of Protestant nonconformity, including Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers and, later, Methodists, grew outside of the established church.〔G. Parsons, ''Religion in Victorian Britain: Traditions'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), ISBN 0-7190-2511-7, p. 71.〕 The (Anglican) Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and, as the (Anglican) Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland, there is no established church in Northern Ireland.〔Weller, Paul (2005). (''Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society'' ). London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. ISBN 0-567-08487-6.〕 The Jews in England were expulsed in 1290 and only emancipated in the 19th century. British Jews had numbered fewer than 10,000 in 1800 but around 120,000 after 1881 when Russian Jews settled permanently in Britain.〔(''The Jews'', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1: Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, The Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes to 1870, Private Education from Sixteenth Century (1969), pp. 149–51 ) Date accessed: 16 January 2007〕 The substantial immigration to the United Kingdom since the 1920s has contributed to the growth of foreign faiths, especially of Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism,〔Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). (''Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan'' ). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–6. ISBN 0-7546-4389-1.〕 Buddhism in the United Kingdom experienced growth partly due to immigration and partly due to conversion (especially when including Secular Buddhism).〔in the 2011 UK census, 178,453 people in England and Wales identified as Buddhist, of whom 59,040 identified as ethnically white, 34,354 Chinese, and 13,919 Asian.〕 As elsewhere in the western world, religious demographics have become part of the discourse on multiculturalism, with Britain variously described as a post-Christian society,〔Fergusson, David (2004). (''Church, State and Civil Society'' ). Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-521-52959-X.〕 as "multi-faith",〔Brown, Callum G. (2006). (''Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain'' ). Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. ISBN 0-582-47289-X.〕 or as secularised.〔Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). (''Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide'' ). Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-521-83984-X.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Religion in the United Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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